气候因素对云南石漠化治理的影响与对策

对云南省不利于石漠化治理的气候因素进行了分析研究,结果表明,在全国8个有石漠化分布的省(市、区)中,云南石漠化分布区总体上属于半湿润气候区,其他7个省(市、区)属于湿润气候区,与之相比,云南的降雨量偏少。云南属干湿分明的高原季风气候,漫长干季极不利于石漠化地区的植被恢复,湿季过于集中的降雨又加剧了其土壤侵蚀。干热河谷石漠化地区在上述气候背景下,叠加了"焚风效应"和"岩溶干旱"的影响,在三重效应的共同作用下,使云南干热河谷地区的石漠化治理成为世界性技术难题。气候变化背景下的极端气候进一步加剧了云南石漠化治理的难度。针对基于气候因素对云南石漠化治理产生的影响,提出了相应的对策措施。     

Assessment of the ecological status of north‐eastern Adriatic coastal waters (Istria,Croatia) using macroalgal assemblages for the European Union Water Framework Directive

• 1. Based on the inclusion of macroalgae in the European Union Water Framework Directive as quality elements for the evaluation of the ecological status of coastal waters, the suitability of one (Ecological Evaluation Index, EEI) of several previously proposed evaluation methods in the particular ecological conditions of the northern Adriatic Sea was tested.
• 2. The EEI was assessed for 10 locations (polluted and putatively pristine) scattered along 60 km of the western Istrian coast. The sampling was performed seasonally at 1 and 3 m depth by destructive (determination of species cover and biomass) and non‐destructive (determination of species coverage using digital photography) methods.
• 3. When assessed at 1 m depth the spatial scale weighted EEI for the west Istrian coast was 8.1, corresponding to an ecological status class (ESC) value of high. However, data for 3 m depth gave a spatial EEI of 6.72 which corresponds to an ESC value of good. Regressions of the ratio of ecological state group I (ESG I, i.e. thick leathery, calcareous and crustose species) over total algal abundance with the pollution gradient (obtained using principal components analysis (PCA) ordination of environmental variables) were significant at 3 m but not at 1 m depth. This was due to the high abundance of ESG I macroalgae Corallina elongata and Cystoseira compressa at 1 m depth at polluted stations. Similar regressions were obtained using cover, biomass and coverage.
• 4. It is concluded that the EEI method may be suitable for the classification of coastal waters in the northern Adriatic only in certain cases. A better assessment of ecological status using this method would require more realistic estimations based on the inclusion of data from several sampling depths. As all three abundance measures (cover, biomass, coverage) gave similar results, coverage (using digital photography) is suggested as being a preferred measure owing to the rapidity of sampling at several depths and less time‐consuming laboratory work.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Community and trophic structures of abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis diversicolor</Emphasis> habitat in Sagami Bay,Japan

Abstract:   The community and trophic structures of the subtidal habitat of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor were examined in Nagai, Sagami Bay, Japan. Conventional community indices showed no significant differences among three sampling stations. The overall continuum of stable isotope ratios was structured into three different trophic linkages: (i) brown algae-dependent benthic food chain; (ii) red algae-dependent benthic food chain; and (iii) planktonic food chain. Brown algae and red algae likely play different roles with respect to carbon sources in the habitat. Conventional fractionation values indicated that the abalone H. diversicolor (δ¹³C = −12.4 ± 1.0‰, δ¹⁵N = 9.3 ± 0.5‰) feeds on the lamina of Undaria pinnatifida during juvenile and adult stages (8.0–65.6 mm shell length). Stable isotope signatures suggested that the juveniles of other abalone species as well as some amphipods and a sea cucumber Holothuria decorata are competitors of H. diversicolor , whereas some Muricidae gastropods such as Thais bronni and Ergalatax contractus are predators. The isotopic differences among macroalgal species and the subsequent transfer to consumers indicate that stable isotopic analysis is an effective means of studying food webs in an open rocky shore community with little influence from external primary production such as terrestrial vegetation.     

鲁中山区不同水土保持生态修复措施对土壤侵蚀的影响

 为探索水土保持生态修复工程对区域土壤侵蚀的影响,运用3S技术手段,研究鲁中水土保持生态修复区土壤侵蚀的时空变化及4种生态修复措施下土壤侵蚀强度与面积的变化特征。结果表明:生态修复工程实施后,区域土壤侵蚀状况明显改善;各种生态修复措施都具有明显降低区域土壤侵蚀强度、减少土壤侵蚀面积的作用;不同生态修复措施类型防治土壤侵蚀作用最大的是残疏林补植,其他的依次为经济林退耕、荒坡造林和有林地封禁措施。研究成果可为科学评价生态修复工程效益和合理确定生态修复措施类型提供参考。     

我国西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀强度分级标准研究

中国西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩成土物质先天不足,沿用水利部颁布的SL190--1996《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》,显然与岩溶区的实际情况不适应。在分析影响西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩风化成土因素的基础上,收集相关的资料、数据和图层,估算西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩的风化成土速率,并将成土速率作为土壤允许流失量,厘定西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀强度的分级标准,结果表明,微度、轻度、中度、强度、极强度和剧烈侵蚀标准分别为〈30、30—100、100～200、200～500、500～l000、〉1000t／（km2·a）。根据西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀过程的基本特点,对该地区以后的水土保持工作提出以下建议：1）抓住土壤侵蚀过程关键环节重点防治,2）不同岩溶石漠化区采取不同水土保持对策,3）积极推进生物篱技术,4）加强岩溶区土壤改良技术研究,提高基本农田的生产效率。     

北京山区不同密度油松结构与功能研究

对北京八达岭林场32 a生5种造林密度阳坡油松林生物多样性、蓄积量、碳密度、水源涵养等功能进行调查与实验,结果表明:随着林分密度的减小,林木生长状况良好,林下植被层各种生物多样性指数较其它林分高,并伴随着出现辽东栎等其它栎类更树种的生长;1200株/hm2的油松林蓄积最大为95.53 m3/hm2,但从单株蓄积量来看,不同密度的油松林单株蓄积随着油松林密度的减小而增大,油松800株/hm2的单株蓄积为0.101 7m3/hm2,是2 000株/hm2单株蓄积的3.17倍.不同密度油松林生态系统碳密度范围为78.87～142.13 t/hm2,平均碳密度为119.14 t/hm2,且随着密度增大而减小.油松林碳密度主要有3个部分组成:植被层、枯落物层和土壤层,其空间部分为土壤层＞植被层＞枯落物层,林地土壤的碳密度平均为79 t/hm2以上,地上部分碳密度与地下(包括土壤、树根和死地被物)碳密度之比平均为1/3.30;油松林地的稳渗速率、产流量随林分密度的增大而减小,这对增加当地的径流水量、涵养水源能力具有重要意义.产沙量也随密度的增加而减少,这对选择油松800株/hm2作为最优林分密度是不利因素,但从北京的多年降雨来看,这种影响对选取油松在800株/hm2作为首选经营密度还是较小.     

喀斯特石漠化区林草恢复对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

为研究喀斯特高原峡谷石漠化治理区林草植被恢复对土壤团聚体的粒径分布,土壤结构稳定性及各粒径团聚体有机碳的影响,以期为喀斯特石漠化治理区土壤结构改善,植被重建,土壤碳库的维持与提高提供理论依据。以贵州喀斯特高原峡谷石漠化治理示范区5种常见林草植被(金银花、火龙果、花椒、荒草地和原生灌木林地)为研究对象,通过湿筛法对土壤团聚体粒径进行分组,对比分析5种林草植被模式下0—40 cm土层垂直剖面各土层土壤中团聚体和有机碳含量的分布规律。结果表明:在0—40 cm土层垂直剖面中,5种林草植被的土壤团聚体在5,2～5,0.25～2,0.25 mm 4个粒级中的分布特征,金银花地分别为31.89%,32.85%,28.48%,6.78%;火龙果地为19.11%,32.68%,37.72%,8.49%;花椒地为10.42%,18.39%,57.90%,13.29%;草地为40.38%,20.68%,30.34%,8.61%;原生灌木林为47.04%,17.80%,30.25%,4.91%。水稳性大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量表现为原生灌木林地(95.09%)金银花地(93.22%)火龙果地(91.51%)荒草地(91.39%)花椒地(86.71%)。5种林草植被均以大团聚体(0.25 mm)为主;其中,原生灌木林地大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量最高,花椒地最低。在整个土壤剖面中,土壤团聚体稳定性指标MWD和GMD均以原生灌木林地较高,说明二者土壤结构较好,稳定性较强。在0—40 cm土层剖面中,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低,表现出表层富集现象;团聚体有机碳以0.25 mm粒级含量最高,5 mm粒级最低。总体而言,原生灌木林地土壤团聚体稳定性较好,原生灌木林地在各层土壤中各粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高。     

石漠化治理区不同生态恢复模式土壤质量评价

为研究贵州省喀斯特石漠化地区不同生态恢复模式土壤养分及土壤质量情况,以贵州省黔西南州贞丰—北盘江石漠化治理示范区为研究区,采用土壤质量综合指数法对花椒、金银花、核桃和撂荒地4种不同生态恢复模式下土壤质量进行了评价,分析了不同生态恢复模式下土壤理化和微生物指标的分布规律。结果表明:4种生态恢复模式下0—5 cm表层土壤养分富集明显,且20 cm土层内随着深度的加深,各营养指标总体呈下降趋势;与短年限撂荒地相比,花椒、金银花和核桃样地总体土壤物理性状较好,养分含量高,土壤微生物生物量明显改善。土壤质量综合指数花椒（0.671） > 金银花（0.664） > 核桃（0.597） > 撂荒地（0.589）,表明花椒、金银花对土壤质量提升成效较好,在石漠化治理土壤环境的改善中发挥了积极的作用。     

降雨类型对北方土石山区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

该文基于北京市房山区蒲洼径流小区2013-2015年观测的105场自然降雨,采用实测水文数据与WEPP模型模拟降雨侵蚀过程相结合的方法,对比了北方土石山区不同雨型下的坡面土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明:1)自然降雨中,单场降雨的侵蚀能力表现为B型雨(低频率、短历时、中雨量、大雨强)A型雨(中频率、长历时、大雨量、中雨强)C型雨(高频率、中历时、小雨量、小雨强),其中,侵蚀性降雨中A型雨降雨频率最高、对研究区土壤侵蚀的累计贡献率最大;而C型雨几乎不会引发土壤侵蚀。2)诱发北方土石山区棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀的临界雨量为8 mm、临界雨强为9.5 mm/h。3)利用WEPP模型通过设置最大30 min雨强I30出现的不同时间将3类雨型进一步划分为4个子雨型,结果表明同一雨强出现的降雨时序差异会影响土壤侵蚀的发生程度,且子雨型下土壤侵蚀量整体表现为递增型峰值型递减型均值型,其中A型雨4个子雨型下侵蚀量差异最显著。研究结果可为北方土石山区棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立及土壤侵蚀防治提供参考依据。     

超高岩质边坡稳定性分析

为了保证超高岩质边坡在施工过程中的安全稳定性,利用数值模拟方法对连云港港东疏港高速公路岩质边坡施工开挖过程中不同工况进行了模拟,并将得到的应力、位移变化与现场安全监测结果进行对比分析,从而对边坡的稳定性进行了可靠评价。